History of San Marino: The World’s Oldest Republic from Antiquity to Today

Discover San Marino’s enduring legacy—from Roman times and medieval independence to its modern microstate status.

Nestled in the heart of Italy lies San Marino, a landlocked microstate renowned for its rich history, unique governance, and breathtaking landscapes. Officially known as the Republic of San Marino, this diminutive nation spans just over 61 km² (23.5 sq mi) and boasts a population of approximately 33,583 as of 2025 . Despite its small size, San Marino stands as a testament to resilience and independence, claiming the title of the world's oldest existing sovereign state.

A Glimpse into San Marino's Storied Past

Founding Myth and Early History

According to tradition, San Marino was founded in 301 AD by Saint Marinus, a Christian stonemason fleeing religious persecution . Seeking refuge on Mount Titano, he established a small monastic community, laying the foundation for what would become the Republic of San Marino. This origin story contributes to the nation's claim as the oldest constitutional republic in the world.

Medieval Autonomy and Expansion

Throughout the Middle Ages, San Marino maintained its independence amidst the tumultuous political landscape of the Italian Peninsula. In 1243, the republic established the institution of the Captains Regent, two heads of state elected every six months—a practice that continues to this day . The 14th and 15th centuries saw territorial expansion, with the acquisition of regions like Chiesanuova in 1320 and Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle in 1463 .

Challenges and Resilience

San Marino faced numerous challenges to its sovereignty. In 1503, Cesare Borgia briefly occupied the republic, but it regained independence shortly thereafter. A more significant threat occurred in 1739 when Cardinal Giulio Alberoni occupied San Marino. However, Pope Clement XII restored its independence in 1740, reinforcing the nation's resilience .

Modern Governance and Political Structure

Unique Political System

San Marino operates under a parliamentary representative democratic republic framework. The Grand and General Council, a unicameral legislature, holds legislative authority. Every six months, it elects two Captains Regent from opposing political parties to serve as joint heads of state, ensuring a balance of power .

International Relations and Neutrality

Despite being entirely surrounded by Italy, San Marino maintains its sovereignty and is recognized as an independent country. It is a member of the Council of Europe and the United Nations but is not part of the European Union. However, it uses the euro as its official currency under a monetary agreement with the EU 

Demographics and Culture

Population and Language

As of 2025, San Marino's population is estimated at 33,583 . The official language is Italian, but a local dialect known as Sammarinese, a variant of the Emiliano-Romagnolo dialect, is also spoken, particularly among the older population .

Cultural Heritage

San Marino's cultural identity is deeply rooted in its history and traditions. The historic center of San Marino and Mount Titano are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, reflecting the nation's commitment to preserving its heritage. The Three Towers—Guaita, Cesta, and Montale—are iconic symbols of the republic, each with its own historical significance .

Economy and Currency

Economic Overview

San Marino boasts a diversified economy, with sectors like finance, industry, services, retail, and tourism contributing significantly. The country ranks among the wealthiest globally by GDP (PPP) per capita . Tourism plays a vital role, attracting visitors to its historic sites and scenic landscapes.

Currency Transition

The Sammarinese lira was the official currency until it was replaced by the euro on January 1, 2002. This transition was facilitated by a monetary agreement with the European Union, allowing San Marino to mint its own euro coins .

Geography and Accessibility

Location and Topography

San Marino is situated on the northeastern slopes of the Apennine Mountains, entirely surrounded by Italy. Its capital, the City of San Marino, is perched atop Mount Titano, offering panoramic views of the surrounding regions .

Transportation

While San Marino lacks an airport and train station, it is accessible by road. The nearest international airport is in Bologna, Italy. Regular bus services connect San Marino to nearby Italian cities, making it reachable for tourists and residents alike .

Frequently Asked Questions

Is San Marino a country?

Yes, San Marino is an independent sovereign state, recognized internationally and a member of various international organizations.

Why is San Marino separate from Italy?

San Marino's continued independence is attributed to its strategic diplomacy, geographic location, and historical resilience against external domination.

What is the origin of San Marino?

Founded in 301 AD by Saint Marinus, the republic originated as a monastic community seeking refuge from religious persecution.

Why is San Marino considered the oldest country in the world?

San Marino claims to be the world's oldest existing sovereign state, maintaining continuous independence since its founding in 301 AD.

What is the population of San Marino?

As of 2025, the population is approximately 33,583.

What language is spoken in San Marino?

Italian is the official language, with the Sammarinese dialect also spoken among locals.

What currency is used in San Marino?

San Marino uses the euro (€) as its official currency.

Who is the President of San Marino?

San Marino does not have a single president; instead, it is governed by two Captains Regent, elected every six months by the Grand and General Council.