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Journey through Portugal’s golden age of exploration, colonial expansion, dictatorship, and democratic transformation. |
Portugal, located in the southwestern corner of Europe, boasts a long and diverse history that dates back to prehistoric times. Over the centuries, it has witnessed the rise and fall of various civilizations, from Celtic tribes to Roman conquerors, and from Moorish rulers to Christian kings. This article provides a brief history of Portugal through key events, historical facts, and cultural transformations. Whether you're looking for the History of Portugal for kids, doing academic research, or simply curious, this complete timeline of Portugal’s past will guide you through every significant era.
What Was Portugal Called Before?
Before it was known as Portugal, the area was called Lusitania, a Roman province named after the indigenous Lusitanians, a fierce and proud tribe. In even earlier times, the land was inhabited by Pre-Celtic and Celtic tribes, particularly the Gallaeci and Lusitanians, who were skilled warriors and had deep-rooted traditions tied to nature, mythology, and oral history.
Pre-Roman and Roman Periods – Ancient Roots of Portugal
The pre-Roman period of Portugal saw settlements by the Iberians, Celts, and other tribal groups. These early civilizations lived off agriculture and fishing, leaving behind megalithic monuments that still dot the Portuguese countryside today.
With the expansion of the Roman Empire, Portugal was incorporated into Rome around 138 BC, forming part of the provinces of Lusitania and Gallaecia. The Romans built cities, roads, and aqueducts and introduced Latin, which later evolved into the Portuguese language. Olissipo, now Lisbon, became a major Roman city, developing into an essential commercial and administrative center.
Visigothic Rule and Muslim Conquest
Following the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, Portugal was ruled by the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe who adopted Christianity and attempted to preserve Roman traditions. However, in 711 AD, Muslim forces from North Africa invaded the Iberian Peninsula, creating the Islamic kingdom of Al-Andalus. Much of modern Portugal fell under Muslim rule, leading to significant cultural, architectural, and scientific developments.
The Reconquista and the Birth of Portugal as a Kingdom
What is the brief history of Portugal’s independence?
The history of Portugal timeline takes a pivotal turn in the 12th century with the Christian reconquest of Iberia. One of the most critical events was the Battle of Ourique in 1139, after which Afonso Henriques declared himself King of Portugal, effectively creating an independent kingdom. The Treaty of Zamora (1143) and later the Treaty of León (1179) granted international recognition to Portugal as a sovereign nation.
Portugal is unique in that it maintained relatively stable borders since the 13th century, making it one of the oldest nations in Europe with well-defined frontiers.
13th Century Achievements – The University of Coimbra
During the 13th century, King Dinis I, known as the "Farmer King" for his efforts to promote agriculture, founded the University of Coimbra in 1290. It remains one of the oldest universities in Europe and continues to be a center of learning and cultural identity in Portuguese history and culture.
Age of Discovery – The Golden Age of Portugal
What are 3 historical facts about Portugal?
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Portugal was the first global empire.
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It colonized Brazil, parts of Africa, and Asia.
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It led the world in navigation during the 15th century.
The 15th and 16th centuries marked the height of Portugal's influence. With the support of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal initiated the Age of Discovery, exploring unknown lands and sea routes. Navigators like Vasco da Gama reached India, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil, and Ferdinand Magellan (sailing under Spain) led the first circumnavigation of the globe.
Portugal’s influence stretched across continents, establishing a vast colonial empire that included:
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Brazil
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Angola and Mozambique in Africa
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Goa in India
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Malacca in Southeast Asia
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Macau in China
This period is often referred to as the Portuguese Golden Age or the Portuguese Renaissance, symbolizing Portugal’s status as a global superpower.
Decline of the Empire – 17th to 19th Centuries
Despite its early successes, the Portuguese Empire began to decline by the 17th century, as other European powers like Britain, France, and the Netherlands rose to prominence. Wars, internal strife, and economic challenges weakened the empire.
Why did Portugal split from Spain?
In 1580, Portugal lost its independence and was united with Spain under the rule of King Philip II in what is known as the Iberian Union. However, Portugal maintained its laws and colonial possessions. Dissatisfaction with Spanish rule led to the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668), which restored Portugal’s sovereignty under the House of Braganza.
By the 19th century, Portugal faced more turmoil:
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Napoleon's invasion during the Peninsular War
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The independence of Brazil in 1822
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Frequent civil wars and political instability
20th Century Revolutions and the Estado Novo
Portugal history and culture in modern times
The 20th century was transformative for Portugal. In 1910, a revolution ended the monarchy, and Portugal became a republic. However, the years that followed were marked by dictatorship and censorship.
From 1933 to 1974, Portugal was under the authoritarian regime of António de Oliveira Salazar, who established the Estado Novo (New State) – a corporatist, nationalist regime that suppressed dissent and maintained colonial rule in Africa. This dictatorship isolated Portugal politically and economically from much of Europe.
The Carnation Revolution and Democratic Portugal
In 1974, a peaceful military coup known as the Carnation Revolution ended Salazar’s regime. Named after the flowers placed in soldiers’ guns, it marked a turning point in Portugal’s history timeline. The revolution led to:
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Decolonization of African territories like Angola and Mozambique
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Establishment of a democratic constitution in 1976
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Greater civil liberties and political pluralism
Modern Portugal – A European Success Story
Since the 1980s, Portugal has transformed into a modern, stable democracy. It joined the European Union (EU) in 1986 and adopted the Euro as its currency in 2002. As a member of NATO and the United Nations, Portugal plays an active role in international diplomacy.
Today, Portugal’s history and culture are celebrated worldwide—from its maritime heritage and Fado music to its cuisine and architecture. The country is a popular tourist destination and ranks highly in terms of quality of life, safety, and hospitality.
Portugal History Facts – Quick Highlights
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Oldest alliance in the world: The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (1386) is the world’s longest-lasting alliance still in force.
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First colonial power to abolish slavery: Portugal began abolishing slavery in the early 19th century.
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Portuguese is the 6th most spoken language in the world, with over 250 million speakers.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Portugal's History
What is the brief history of Portugal?
Portugal evolved from a Roman province to an Islamic state under al-Andalus, then gained independence in 1139. It became a global empire during the Age of Discovery and later transitioned from dictatorship to democracy in the 20th century.
What was Portugal called before?
Portugal was originally known as Lusitania, named after the indigenous Lusitanians and adopted by the Romans.
Why did Portugal split from Spain?
Portugal was united with Spain during the Iberian Union (1580–1640) but restored its independence after a successful revolt against Spanish rule in 1640.
What are 3 historical facts about Portugal?
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Portugal established the first global empire.
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It was the first European nation to reach India by sea.
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It maintained the same borders since the 13th century.
Conclusion!
From ancient Lusitania to a vibrant member of the European Union, Portugal's history reflects resilience, exploration, and cultural pride. Whether you are browsing for the history of Portugal in English, a history of Portugal book, or a digestible history of Portugal for kids, understanding this nation's past helps appreciate its enduring influence on the world stage.
