History of Vatican City: From Saint Peter’s Tomb to the World’s Smallest Country

Trace the Vatican’s spiritual and political evolution—from early Christianity to papal sovereignty and global influence.

Vatican City, formally referred to as the Vatican City State, is the world's smallest unbiased country, each in vicinity and population. Enclaved within Rome, Italy, it serves as the spiritual and administrative center of the Roman Catholic Church and the residence of the Pope. Despite its diminutive size, Vatican City holds immense religious, cultural, and historical significance.

Origins and Early History

The roots of Vatican City's significance trace back to the 4th century AD when Emperor Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan in 313, ending the persecution of Christians and allowing them to practice their faith openly. Subsequently, Constantine commissioned the construction of the original St. Peter's Basilica over what was believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, one of Jesus Christ's apostles and the first Bishop of Rome. This basilica became a major pilgrimage site and laid the foundation for the area's religious prominence. 

Over the centuries, the area around St. Peter's Basilica evolved into a significant religious hub. By the 5th century, Pope Symmachus had constructed a palace near the basilica, further establishing the Vatican as the center of the Catholic Church. During the Middle Ages, the Papal States emerged, encompassing a large portion of central Italy under the Pope's temporal rule. However, the unification of Italy in the 19th century led to the annexation of these territories, leaving the Pope's authority confined to the Vatican area.

Establishment as an Independent State

The modern Vatican City State was established on February 11, 1929, through the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy. This treaty recognized Vatican City as an independent sovereign entity, ensuring the Pope's autonomy and the Church's freedom from political interference. The treaty also compensated the Church for the loss of the Papal States and established the framework for the relationship between the Vatican and Italy.

Governance and Administration

Vatican City operates as an absolute non-compulsory monarchy, with the Pope serving as the pinnacle of state. The Pope exercises legislative, executive, and judicial authority over the state. The Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State assists in the administration, with the President of the Governorate overseeing day-to-day operations. As of 2025, Sister Raffaella Petrini serves as the President of the Governorate, marking a significant step in increasing women's roles within the Vatican's administration.

Geography and Demographics

Covering an area of approximately 0.44 square kilometers (0.17 square miles), Vatican City is the smallest country in the world by both area and population. As of 2024, the population stands at around 882 residents, including clergy, members of religious orders, the Swiss Guard, and lay employees. Citizenship is granted based on one's role within the Vatican and is typically lost upon the conclusion of service.

The official language of Vatican City is Italian, used in legislation and daily communication. Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and is used in official Church documents. The Swiss Guard, responsible for the Pope's security, uses Swiss German for commands, and guards take their oaths in their native languages.

Cultural and Religious Significance

Vatican City is home to some of the world's most renowned religious and cultural sites. St. Peter's Basilica, a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture, stands as a testament to the Church's historical and spiritual legacy. The Vatican Museums house an extensive collection of art and historical artifacts, including the Sistine Chapel, famous for Michelangelo's ceiling frescoes. The Vatican Library contains a vast repository of manuscripts and documents significant to the Church's history.

International Relations and the Holy See

While Vatican City is a sovereign state, the Holy See represents the universal government of the Catholic Church and maintains diplomatic relations with countries worldwide. The Holy See is a permanent observer at the United Nations and engages in international diplomacy, promoting peace, human rights, and interfaith dialogue.

Economy and Infrastructure

Vatican City's economy is unique, relying primarily on donations from the faithful, known as Peter's Pence, as well as revenue from the Vatican Museums, the sale of publications, stamps, and souvenirs. The state also operates its own post office, banking system, and media outlets. Despite its small size, Vatican City has its own railway station, heliport, and radio station, facilitating communication and transportation.

Recent Developments

In May 2025, Cardinal Robert Prevost was elected as Pope Leo XIV, becoming the first American to hold the papacy. His election has been met with global reactions, with leaders expressing hopes for his leadership to foster peace, dialogue, and support for the oppressed. Pope Leo XIV aims to balance the inclusive approach of his predecessor, Pope Francis, with traditional Catholic values, emphasizing unity within the Church.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the history behind Vatican City?

Vatican City's history dates back to the 4th century with the construction of St. Peter's Basilica over the tomb of Saint Peter. It evolved as the center of the Catholic Church and became an independent state in 1929 through the Lateran Treaty.

What are five records approximately Vatican City?

1. Smallest country in the world by area and population.

2. Home to the Pope and the central administration of the Catholic Church.

3. Contains St. Peter's Basilica and the Vatican Museums.

4. Established as an unbiased kingdom in 1929.

5. Economy relies on donations, museum revenues, and the sale of stamps and souvenirs.

What is the actual call of Vatican City?

The official name is the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano).

How old is the Vatican country?

As of 2025, Vatican City is 96 years old, having been established in 1929.

Is Vatican City a country?

Yes, Vatican City is an independent sovereign state recognized internationally.

How old is the Vatican Church?

The Catholic Church traces its origins to the 1st century AD, with the Vatican becoming its central hub in the 4th century.

What is the Vatican City population?

As of 2024, the population is approximately 882 residents.

What is the Vatican City size in km?

Vatican City covers an area of about 0.44 square kilometers.

Who is the Vatican City President?

As of 2025, Sister Raffaella Petrini serves as the President of the Governorate of Vatican City State.

Vatican City stands as a unique entity, blending profound religious significance with the functions of a sovereign state. Its rich history, cultural treasures, and spiritual leadership continue to influence millions around the world.