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From ancient Mossi Kingdoms to independence, revolution, and modern-day political challenges. |
Burkina Faso, a landlocked us of a in West Africa, has a wealthy and complicated history. Formerly known as Upper Volta, this nation has evolved through the rise of powerful kingdoms, colonial subjugation, revolutionary leadership, and modern-day challenges. Situated in the heart of West Africa, Burkina Faso shares borders with six countries, and its history is intertwined with the broader narrative of French West Africa. In 1984, under the visionary leadership of Captain Thomas Sankara, the country adopted its current name, which means "Land of Upright People" in local languages.
Where is Burkina Faso Located?
Burkina Faso is located in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the north and west, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. Its capital, Ouagadougou, is not only the political center but also a cultural hub in the region.
Pre-Colonial Era: The Rise of the Mossi Kingdoms
The history of Burkina Faso dates back to the 11th century, when various ethnic groups and kingdoms dominated the region. The most prominent among them were the Mossi kingdoms, particularly Tenkodogo and Ouagadougou. The Mossi were known for their military strength, administrative skills, and resistance against Islamic jihads and colonial invasions.
Other significant pre-colonial groups included the Gourmantché people in the east and the Dioula merchants, who founded Bobo-Dioulasso, a key economic and cultural center. These societies were structured with chieftaincies and had rich oral traditions, religious practices, and artistic expressions.
French Colonial Rule: From Invasion to Protectorate
In the late 19th century, France began its incursion into West Africa. In 1896, the French established a protectorate in Ouagadougou, marking the beginning of colonial dominance. By 1919, the colony of Upper Volta was officially created, as part of French West Africa. However, due to administrative reorganization, Upper Volta was dissolved in 1932 and its territories distributed among neighboring colonies.
It was not until 1947 that Upper Volta was reestablished. During this period, French colonial rule imposed taxation, forced labor, and cultural assimilation policies, which disrupted traditional systems and caused widespread unrest.
Independence and Nationhood: The Birth of Burkina Faso
On August 5, 1960, Upper Volta gained full independence from France, with Maurice Yaméogo becoming its first president. The early years of independence have been marked via way of means of political instability, financial challenges, and army coups. Yaméogo was overthrown in 1966, paving the way for a series of military governments.
In 1983, a charismatic army captain named Thomas Sankara seized power through a popular coup. Often referred to as "Africa's Che Guevara," Sankara embarked on a radical transformation of society. He changed the country’s name to Burkina Faso in 1984, meaning "Land of Upright People."
Sankara's government implemented widespread reforms:
Land redistribution and food self-sufficiency
Mass vaccination campaigns
Gender equality and women’s empowerment
Anti-corruption drives
Environmental protection (e.g., planting millions of trees)
However, his rule was cut short when he was assassinated in a 1987 coup led by his former friend and colleague Blaise Compaoré.
The Blaise Compaoré Era and Political Upheaval
Blaise Compaoré ruled Burkina Faso for 27 years, during which he maintained relative stability but faced increasing criticism for suppressing dissent and manipulating the constitution. In 2014, a popular uprising forced Compaoré to resign and flee the country. This movement marked a significant moment in Burkina Faso's modern history, showcasing the power of civil resistance.
Recent History: Democracy and Security Challenges
Following Compaoré's departure, Burkina Faso held democratic elections, and Roch Marc Christian Kaboré became president in 2015. However, the country faced increasing security threats from Islamist militant groups affiliated with Al-Qaeda and ISIS. These attacks, especially in the northern and eastern regions, have displaced thousands and created a humanitarian crisis.
The situation worsened, and in 2022, Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba led a military coup, citing the government's failure to handle insecurity. Later that year, he was ousted by Captain Ibrahim Traoré, who is currently the transitional leader as of 2024.
Burkina Faso Religion and Ethnic Diversity
Burkina Faso is home to a diverse population of over 22 million people. The major religions include:
Islam (about 60%)
Christianity (about 23%)
Traditional African religions
Ethnically, the Mossi make up around 40% of the population. Other tribes include Fulani, Bobo, Gurunsi, Senufo, and Gourmantché. Despite the diversity, the country is known for its relative inter-ethnic harmony.
Burkina Faso Capital and Culture
The capital city, Ouagadougou, is known for its vibrant culture, music, and art. It hosts the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), the largest film festival in Africa. The city is a hub of intellectual and artistic expression in West Africa.
Timeline of Key Historical Events
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 11th Century | Formation of Mossi Kingdoms |
| 1896 | French Protectorate in Ouagadougou |
| 1919 | Creation of Upper Volta Colony |
| 1947 | Reestablishment of Upper Volta |
| 1960 | Independence from France |
| 1983 | Thomas Sankara seizes power |
| 1984 | Country renamed to Burkina Faso |
| 1987 | Sankara assassinated; Compaoré takes power |
| 2014 | Compaoré ousted after popular uprising |
| 2022 | Two military coups; Traoré becomes transitional president |
Top 10 Interesting Facts About Burkina Faso
Formerly known as Upper Volta, named after the Volta River.
Burkina Faso means "Land of Upright People."
Home to the Mossi, one of the most influential kingdoms in West Africa.
Thomas Sankara is regarded as a pan-African icon.
The country has experienced multiple coups since independence.
FESPACO film festival attracts international attention.
Rich in gold, yet one of the poorest countries in the world.
Bobo-Dioulasso is a historic city with Dioula heritage.
Over 60 ethnic groups coexist peacefully.
The country faces ongoing threats from terrorist insurgencies.
FAQs About the History of Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso's history is a reflection of resilience, struggle, and aspiration. From the glory of the Mossi Kingdoms to the revolutionary ideas of Thomas Sankara, and through the modern threats of terrorism and political upheaval, the country continues to strive toward peace and progress. Despite being one of the poorest nations, Burkina Faso remains rich in culture, heritage, and spirit—truly deserving its name, the Land of Upright People.
