History of Cyprus: From Ancient Civilizations to Modern Independence, Wars, Empires, and Famous Leaders

Discover Cyprus's ancient civilizations, historic wars, famous leaders, empires, and its journey to independence.

Cyprus, a jewel in the eastern Mediterranean, boasts a rich and complex history that spans thousands of years. Its strategic location made it a coveted land for empires and dynasties, resulting in a unique blend of cultures, rulers, and legacies. This article presents a complete Cyprus history timeline, covering ancient civilizations, wars, independence movements, and scientific discoveries, while answering popular questions like “What is the history of Cyprus?”, “Is Cyprus Greek or Turkish?”, and “What is Cyprus's old name?”

Ancient Cyprus Civilizations

Neolithic Period (9th millennium BC)

The earliest known human settlement in Cyprus was at Khirokitia, a well-preserved Neolithic village. This era marks the beginning of organized communities on the island.

Bronze Age (c. 2500–1050 BC)

During this time, Cyprus was known as Alashiya, an urbanized state with significant trade links across the Mediterranean. The island became famous for its copper resources.

Mycenaean-Achaean Greeks (13th–11th centuries BC)

Greek settlers arrived, spreading the Greek language and culture—traditions that continue to define Greek Cypriots today.

Phoenician Influence (9th century BC)

The Phoenicians established colonies such as Kition (modern-day Larnaca), contributing to Cyprus’s mixed cultural heritage.

Cyprus Empires and Dynasties

Cyprus fell under the rule of various empires and dynasties throughout history:

• Assyrians

• Egyptians

• Persians

• Alexander the Great (333 BC)

• Ptolemaic Egypt

• Roman Empire (30 BC)

• Byzantine Empire

• Franks (Lusignans) – 1192 AD

• Venetians – 1489 AD

• Ottoman Empire – 1571 AD

• British Empire – 1878 AD

Each empire left distinct marks on Cyprus’s governance, architecture, religion, and society.

⚔️ Cyprus Wars History and Conflicts

The island’s history of wars is both internal and external:

• Crusader and Frankish battles

• Ottoman conquests

• British colonization resistance

• Greek Cypriot struggle for Enosis (union with Greece)

• 1974 Turkish invasion following a coup backed by Greek nationalists

This violent past led to the island’s partition, leaving Northern Cyprus under Turkish control.

Independence Movements of Cyprus

After decades under British rule, Cyprus gained independence in 1960. However, tensions between Greek and Turkish Cypriots led to ethnic clashes, culminating in the 1974 division of the island. Today, only Turkey recognizes Northern Cyprus.

Scientific Discoveries of Cyprus

Cyprus is known for archaeological and historical discoveries, especially from ancient settlements, tombs, and Bronze Age artifacts. These findings have significantly contributed to the study of ancient Mediterranean civilizations.

World Wars and Cyprus

During World War I, Cyprus was annexed by the British (1914). In World War II, it served as a strategic Allied base. Many Cypriots volunteered to fight, contributing to the Allied war effort.

Famous Leaders of Cyprus in History

Some historical leaders of Cyprus include:

• Archbishop Makarios III – First President of independent Cyprus

• Rauf Denktaş – Founding President of Northern Cyprus

• King Evagoras I – A 4th-century BC king of Salamis

• Isaac Komnenos – Byzantine governor who declared independence from Byzantium

These famous leaders of Cyprus shaped its politics, independence, and international recognition.

Additional Facts and FAQs about Cyprus

What is the brief history of Cyprus?

Cyprus has been inhabited since 9000 BC, influenced by Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires, before becoming a British colony and gaining independence in 1960.

What is Cyprus’s old name?

In ancient texts, Cyprus was known as Alashiya and Kittim.

Who was the founder of Cyprus?

Mythologically, Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, was born here, but historically, Greek colonists established Cyprus’s earliest urban centers.

What was the history of Cyprus before Islam?

Before the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Cyprus was part of the Byzantine Christian world, influenced heavily by Hellenistic and Roman traditions.

Can you still travel to Cyprus?

Yes, both the Republic of Cyprus (south) and Northern Cyprus welcome tourists. However, entry rules vary depending on the point of arrival.

What are 5 facts about Cyprus?

1. Birthplace of Aphrodite

2. Has two official languages: Greek and Turkish

3. One of the oldest wine producers in the world

4. Divided capital city: Nicosia

5. Joined the EU in 2004

What is the most popular drink in Cyprus?

Commandaria, a sweet dessert wine, is considered the national drink. Zivania, a strong spirit, is also widely consumed.

Is Cyprus hot or cold?

Cyprus enjoys a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild winters.

Further Reading and Resources

• History of Cyprus Wikipedia

• History of Cyprus in Urdu – Great for native speakers interested in exploring the island's past

• History of Cyprus PDF – Available from many academic sources

• History of Cyprus Book – Recommended titles include Cyprus: A Modern History by William Mallinson

• History of Cyprus Essay – Often featured in academic and competitive exams

Cyprus Flag and Identity

The Cyprus flag features a map of the island in copper-orange color (representing copper, or “Kypros”) over a white background, symbolizing peace, with two olive branches.

Conclusion: 

Cyprus’s long journey from ancient civilizations to modern independence is one of resilience, strategic importance, and cultural fusion. Whether exploring Cyprus history of war, famous leaders, or scientific discoveries, the island continues to captivate historians and travelers alike.